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10 11246 2014-09-19 21:11:45
有效注意力可提升年長者人臉圖片的記憶
Valid Attention Orientation Benefits the Working Memory Performance of Schematic Faces among Older Adults
邱倚璿(Yi-Shiuan Chiu) ； 齊棊(Chi Chi) ； 張浩睿(Hao-Jui Chang) ； 王靜誼(Ching-I Wang)
應用心理研究 ； 60 期 (2014 / 06 / 01) ， P161 - 217
繁體中文
人臉 ； 工作記憶 ； 老化 ； 注意力 ； 負荷量 ； aging ； attention ； facial perception ； facial memory ； memory load ； working memory
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摘要
中文摘要 〈TOP〉
人臉往往會引發知覺運作中反射性的注意力，也能造成較好的記憶表現。本研究欲瞭解注意力如何影響知覺與記憶運作，特別是探討注意力能否提升年長者對於人臉的記憶表現。研究中運用前線索與回溯線索實驗典範，實驗一以數字作為實驗刺激，實驗二改以相對複雜的卡通人臉為刺激，實驗皆操弄年齡（年輕人、年長者）、線索類型（前線索、回溯線索）、項目負荷量（一個、二個、四個項目）與空間線索有效性（中性、有效、無效）。結果顯示人臉記憶表現較數字困難，兩種刺激在知覺與記憶搜尋運作機制相似，但在知覺運作時有較高的假警報率，反映出知覺比起記憶運作，更易受到線索引導無法有效抑制而出錯。年長者正確率表現與年輕人相似，但假警報率較高、反應速度與記憶搜尋效率較慢；有效線索能協助年長者於中與高負荷量時有較高正確率、較快反應時間與搜尋效率。此結果反映出無論記憶刺激的複雜程度，當記憶負擔較大時，透過合適的引導可協助年長者提升其記憶表現。
Abstract 〈TOP〉
Human faces more easily attract reflective attention and become coded more effectively in memory. This study investigated how attention impacted face processing both in perception and working memory among older adults, testing against age (young, old), cue type (pre-cue/perception, retro-cue/memory), memory load (1, 2, 4 items) and cue validity (neutral, valid, invalid). Comparing pre-cue with retro-cue trials, we found similar search mechanisms for perception and working memory but higher false alarm rates in pre-cue conditions, reflecting the greater difficulties in inhibition during perception. Older adults had similar hit rates compared with younger adults, but demonstrated more false alarms, slower reaction times, and less efficiency regarding memory search. Older adults benefited from the valid cues that slow down reaction times as memory load increased. Our results suggest that when provided with the appropriate support, older adults can improve their memory performance under more demanding memory loads.
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9 11246 2014-09-19 21:11:09
失智症的機構照護：由日間照護到護理之家
Institutional Care of Dementia: From Day Care Services to Nursing Homes
謝沛錡(Pei-Chi Hsieh) ； 林麗嬋(Li-Chan Lin)
應用心理研究 ； 60 期 (2014 / 06 / 01) ， P85 - 113
繁體中文
失智症照護 ； 機構照護 ； 日間照護 ； 護理之家 ； dementia care ； institutional care ； adult day care ； nursing home
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摘要
中文摘要 〈TOP〉
由於醫療科技延長壽命，少子女化與家庭型態改變，使得人口高齡化不啻是台灣，也是全球關注的議題。隨著壽命延長，失智症的盛行率也增加。失智症病程漫長，行為與精神症狀常出現在不同病程的失智症，造成家庭照顧者的照顧負荷，導致家屬將失智長者送至機構照護。為提供優質的照護，依據病程需要發展各種 照護服務方案相當重要。因此，本文將從失智症面臨的照護困境、家屬的照顧負荷、日間照護的發展及機構照護的發展與挑戰做進一步的剖析。
Abstract 〈TOP〉
An ageing population has become a societal concern not only in Taiwan, but globally. Factors influencing this change include advances in medical treatments that extend life for both acute and chronic diseases, decreasing fertility rates, changes in family structure, increasing long-term care demands, and financial issues. Due to a growing ageing population, the prevalence of dementia has been steadily increasing in Taiwan. The effects and treatment of dementia can last for many years. Common and significant behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) often occur at difference phases of the illness, which add to the family's care-giving burden and ultimately this results in the choice of institutionalization. To provide better care for different stages and severities of dementia, the development of various long-term care services is essential. This article presents the present situations, difficulties and prospects of dementia care, family care burden, day care service, and the development of special care units in long-term care facilities in Taiwan.
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8 11246 2014-09-19 21:09:39
智力、刺激強度等因素與朝向反射之關係
Intelligence, Stimulus Intensity, And the Orienting Reflex
陳榮華(Yung-Hwa Chen)
心理與教育 ； 5 期 (1971 / 12 / 01) ， P25 - 47
繁體中文
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摘要
中文摘要 〈TOP〉
本研究目的是探討智力和聲刺激強度兩個變數對朝向反射機能的影響。用三種聲刺激強度（強、中、弱），和三種聲刺激高低(4000cPs, 1000cPs，以及250cPs)，反覆呈現五次，然後觀側受試Alpha振幅的變化情形。若第一次刺激階段的平均Alpha振幅顯然比控制階段的平均Alpha振幅小時，即認為已經發生OR現象。本實驗係以這兩個階段的Alpha振幅的百分比為OR指標。
受試者是根據智商的高低而分成兩組：智能不足組共有十五位學童，其平均智商是67，平均實足年齡是十一歲十個月；普通智力組也有十五位學童，其平均智商為102，平均實足年歲為十一歲二個月。
根據本實驗結果得知：①智力高低與朝向反射(EEG-OR)的關係不太確定，雖然智能不足兒童組比普通兒童組差些，但此等差異不甚顯著，兩組問的個別差異似乎很大；②智力與刺激強度二變因間的交互作用似乎不存在；③刺激反覆次數愈多，習慣化現象愈明顯。總之，本實驗結果並不能支持Luria(1963)所提出的假設。
Abstract 〈TOP〉
The purpose of this study was to determine the interrelationships among intelligence, stimulus intensity, and the Orienting Reflex (OR). The OR was defined as changes in Alpha amplitude resulting from a change in stimulation.
15 retarded children and 15 normal children were presented with a series of sonic stimulus of three intensities and three frequencies (4000, 1000, and 250 cps.) The Alpha rhythm was recorded by an eight-channel OFFNER TYPE T EEG. The electrodes were mounted on the frontal, parietal, and occipital lobe with bipolar technique.
The results showed that: 1) no evidence was found to support a negative relationship between intelligence and orienting reflex, 2) there was no significant interaction between intelligence and stimulus intensity, and 3) habituation rates did not differ between intelligence groups, but related to the trails of repeated stimulation. These results could not wholly support Luria's assumption of poor orienting reflex in mentally retarded children.
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7 11246 2014-09-19 21:08:40
教師性向測驗的編制報告
The Preparation of the Teacher Aptitude Test
路君約(Chun-Yo Lu)
心理與教育 ； 5 期 (1971 / 12 / 01) ， P1 - 10
繁體中文
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摘要
Abstract 〈TOP〉
The teacher aptitude test is developed as an instrument for selecting candidates for both teacher preparation and actual teaching posts.
This test consist of three parts: non-verbal reasoning, teaching attitude and professional knowledge in subjects such as Educational Psychology, Child Development, Principles of Education and Psychological testing and Statistics.
Construct validity were obtained by comparing mean scores of students from various grades of 7 normal schools and 3 junior normal colleges in Taiwan. In general, the scores of non-verbal reasoning & those of attitude have no relation with grade changes, but the scores of professional knowledge show a markedly progressive increase with advancing grades. These findings may support the generalization that the test is a very useful tool for the selection of perspective teachers.
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6 11246 2014-09-19 21:07:58
價值契合觀點之魅力領導理論：中介歷程與多層次分析
The Values-Fit Based Charismatic Leadership Theory: The Mediation Process and Multilevel Analysis
黃敏萍(Min-Ping Huang) ； 高鳳霞(Feng-Hsia Kao)
中華心理學刊 ； 56 卷 2 期 (2014 / 06 / 01) ， P215 - 235
繁體中文 DOI：10.6129/CJP.20140516 DOI
魅力領導 ； 價值契合 ； 中介歷程 ； 多層次 ； 跨文化 ； charismatic leadership ； values-fit ； the mediation process ； multilevel ； cross-cultural
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摘要
中文摘要 〈TOP〉
近年來，有關魅力領導的研究在文獻中大量出現。由理論的角度來看，魅力領導最大的特點在於強調領導者具有改變部屬的需求、價值觀、自我概念及目標之能力，而能引發部屬產生許多強烈的情感與認知反應；亦即是一個攸關價值轉換的領導過程。然而截至目前為止，並未有一個完整的理論模型可以清楚說明魅力領導者如何影響部屬，以便將部屬的個人價值觀轉變為領導者與組織的價值觀，並進一步創造部屬與組織的效能。為了回應這個理論缺口，本研究的主要目的在於建立一個價值契合觀點之魅力領導理論模型，並且由多層次價值契合的角度，來說明魅力領導可能存在的雙元影響路徑與對應的影響效果。其次，本研究透過詳細回顧台灣魅力領導的研究發現，進一步探討價值契合觀點之魅力領導理論在華人文化系絡下的適用性，以及可能存在的跨文化管理意涵。
Abstract 〈TOP〉
Recently, charismatic leadership has become one of the important topics in the academic research. From the theoretical viewpoint, charismatic leaders are able to change subordinates' needs, values, self-concepts and goals, and further influence subordinates' emotion and cognitive responses. This is a leadership process regarding subordinates' values change. However, up to now there is no theory to completely explain how leaders can transform subordinates' value to fit into leader's values and group values, and further enhance employees' and organizational effectiveness. In order to fill up this theoretical gap, based on the perspective of multilevel values-fit, we developed a theoretical model and provided propositions to explain the dual mediation paths of charismatic leadership. In addition, we reviewed charismatic leadership studies in Taiwan in order to explore the cross-cultural implications of our values-fit charismatic leadership theory.
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